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DATA ANALYTICS, MACHINE LEARNING (ML) AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) TERMINOLOGY
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| Data | Information represented in a formalized manner suitable for processing and analysis. It encompasses facts, figures, symbols, text, images, audio, and more, essentially any information that can be recorded and interpreted. Technically speaking, data implies quantifiable values used to represent real-world phenomena or concepts. These values can be structured (organized in tables or databases) or unstructured (like text documents or images). |
| Metadata | Metadata, literally meaning, “data about data”, is information that provides context and describes other data. It doesn’t contain the actual content of the data itself, but rather explains characteristics like its origin, format, purpose, creator, keywords, and other relevant details. Think of it as the “label” attached to a file or document, providing crucial information for understanding and managing the data effectively. |
| Data Set | A collection of related pieces of information (think customer purchases or website clicks). |
| Variable | A single characteristic within a data set (e.g., age, product purchased). |
| Observation | A single record within a data set (e.g., one customer purchase). |
| Metric | A measurable quantity used to track performance (e.g., website traffic, conversion rate). |
| Dimension | A category used to group observations (e.g., city, age group). |
| Descriptive Statistics | Summarize key features of a data set (e.g., mean, median, standard deviation). |
| Inferential Statistics | Draw conclusions about a larger population based on a sample (e.g., hypothesis testing). |
| Regression Analysis | Identifies relationships between variables (e.g., how marketing spend affects sales). |
| Clustering | Groups data points based on similarities (e.g., segmenting customers by behavior). |
| Machine Learning | Algorithms that learn from data to make predictions (e.g., recommending products). |
| Data Visualization | Representiing data graphically for easier understanding (e.g., charts, graphs, maps). |
| Dashboard | A collection of visualizations that provide a comprehensive overview of data (think business cockpit!). |
| KPI (Key Performance Indicator) | A metric used to track progress towards specific goals. |
| Big Data | Large and complex data sets that require specialized processing. |
| Cloud Analytics | Storing and analyzing data in the cloud for flexibility and scalability. |
| Data Storytelling | Effectively communicating insights from data to a non-technical audience. |
| Numerical | Numbers like age, income, or website traffic. |
| Categorical | Labels or categories like gender, product category, or customer type. |
| Boolean | True/false values like website visit or purchase completion. |
| Text | Strings of characters like product descriptions or customer reviews. |
| Date/Time | Temporal data like order date or timestamp. |
| Structured | Data organized in rows and columns (e.g., spreadsheets, databases). |
| Unstructured | Data without a defined format (e.g., text documents, images, videos). |
| Semi-structured | Data with some organization but not fixed structure (e.g., JSON files, XML). |
| Descriptive Analysis | Summarizes data using statistics (mean, median, etc.) and visualizations. |
| Diagnostic Analysis | Identifies why something happened (e.g., analyzing customer churn reasons). |
| Predictive Analysis | Uses data to predict future outcomes (e.g., forecasting sales trends). |
| Prescriptive Analysis | Recommends actions based on data insights (e.g., suggesting product pricing strategies). |
| Charts and Graphs | Lines, bars, pie charts, histograms to represent data visually. |
| Maps | Geographic representation of data (e.g., sales by region). |
| Dashboards | Collections of visualizations for a comprehensive overview. |
| Data Encryption | Protecting data from unauthorized access. |
| Access Control | Limiting who can access and modify data. |
| Data Backup and Recovery | Ensuring data is recoverable in case of loss. |
| Data Policies | Rules and procedures for managing data. |
| Data Literacy | The ability to understand, interpret, and use data effectively. Important for making informed decisions based on data insights. |
| Descriptive Analytics | Answering “what happened?” using metrics, averages, and visualizations. |
| Diagnostic Analytics | Answering “why did it happen?” by delving deeper into trends and relationships. |
| Predictive Analytics | Answering “what will happen?” using historical data to forecast future events. |
| Prescriptive Analytics | Answering “what should we do?” by recommending actions based on predictive insights. |
| Anomaly Detection | Identifying unusual patterns in data that might indicate problems or opportunities. |
| Sentiment Analysis | Understanding the emotional tone of text data (e.g., customer reviews or social media posts). |
| Text Mining | Extracting meaning and insights from unstructured text data. |
| Model Training | Feeding data to an algorithm to learn patterns and relationships. |
| Model Evaluation | Assessing how accurate and reliable a model is. |
| Model Deployment | Putting a trained model into production to make predictions or recommendations. |
| Line Charts | Show trends and changes over time. |
| Bar Charts | Compare values across different categories. |
| Pie Charts | Represent proportions of a whole. |
| Scatter Plots | Reveal relationships between two variables. |
| Histograms | Display the distribution of numerical data. |
| Box Plots | Compare groups of data based on quartiles and outliers. |
| Heatmaps | Represent data intensity using color gradients. |
| Treemaps | Show hierarchical relationships and proportions. |
| Network Graphs | Visualize connections between data points. |
| Sankey Diagrams | Illustrate flows and transitions between categories. |
| Interactive Charts | Users can explore data by dynamically filtering or highlighting elements. |
| Choropleth Maps | Represent data variations across geographic regions. |
| Motion Graphics | Animate data to emphasize trends and patterns. |
| Storytelling Dashboards | Combine multiple visualizations to tell a comprehensive narrative. |
| Infographics | Combine visuals, text, and data to present complex information clearly. |
| Clarity | Ensure the visualization is easy to understand and interpret. |
| Accuracy | Represent data truthfully and avoid misleading elements. |
| Context | Provide appropriate context for the data being visualized. |
| Aesthetics | Use engaging visuals and color palettes to enhance communication. |
| Engagement | Encourage interaction and exploration of the data. |
| Structured Query Language (SQL) | A standardized language for accessing and manipulating data in relational databases. |
| Database | A collection of organized data with defined relationships between tables. |
| Table | A collection of related data points organized into rows and columns. |
| Row | A single record within a table. |
| Column | A specific field or attribute within a table (e.g., name, age, city). |
| Query | An instruction written in SQL to retrieve or modify data from a database. |
| SELECT | Retrieves data from specific columns in one or more tables. |
| FROM | Specifies the table(s) to retrieve data from. |
| WHERE | Filters data based on specific conditions. |
| ORDER BY | Sorts data based on a specific column. |
| INSERT | Adds new rows to a table. |
| UPDATE | Modifies existing data in a table. |
| DELETE | Removes rows from a table. |
| Joins | Combine data from multiple tables based on shared columns. |
| Subqueries | Run nested queries within another query. |
| Functions | Apply calculations or transformations to data. |
| Aggregation | Summarize data using functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT. |
| Views | Virtual tables based on existing data with specific filtering or formatting. |
| Database Management System (DBMS) | Software that allows users to create, access, manage, and maintain databases. |
| Data Definition Language (DDL) | Commands used to define the structure of a database (e.g., creating tables, columns, constraints). |
| Data Manipulation Language (DML) | Commands used to insert, update, and delete data in a database (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). |
| Query Language | A structured language (e.g., SQL) used to retrieve data from a database (e.g., SELECT, WHERE). |
| Schema | The overall structure of a database, including tables, columns, and their relationships. |
| Normalization | Organizing data in a way that minimizes redundancy and improves data integrity. |
| Relational Databases (RDBMS) | Store data in tables with relationships defined by foreign keys (e.g., Oracle, MS SQL Server). |
| NoSQL Databases | Offer flexible data models for unstructured or semi-structured data (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra). |
| Vector Databases | Designed to handle massive amounts of high-dimensional data, are experiencing a surge in popularity due to their ability to unlock additional value in generative AI applications. |
| Oracle | A powerful and mature RDBMS known for its scalability and security. |
| MS SQL Server | A popular RDBMS widely used in Windows environments. |
| MySQL | A free and open-source RDBMS with a large community and strong performance. |
| MongoDB | A popular NoSQL database known for its flexibility and scalability. |
| Cassandra | A NoSQL database designed for high availability and fault tolerance. |
| Redis | An in-memory key-value store offering high performance and low latency. |
| ClickHouse | A columnar database optimized for analytics on large datasets. |
| Hybrid Databases | Combine elements of both RDBMS and NoSQL to offer flexibility and performance. |
| Cloud Databases | Managed database services offered by cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. |
| OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) | Databases optimized for complex data analysis and decision support. Typically store historical data from transactional systems (OLTP) in aggregated form (e.g., cubes, data marts). |
| OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) | Databases designed for handling high volumes of concurrent transactions efficiently. Store detailed, current data for day-to-day operations. |
| OLAP Examples | Snowflake, Microsoft Azure Analysis Services, IBM Cognos Analytics |
| OLTP Examples | Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL |
| Hybrid/Operational Data Stores | Combine features of both OLAP and OLTP to provide real-time analytics on transactional data. |
| Central tendency | Measures like mean, median, and mode represent the “typical” value in the data. |
| Variability | Measures like standard deviation, variance, and range capture how spread out the data points are. |
| Frequency distribution | Shows how often each unique value appears in the data. |
| Visualizations | Histograms, boxplots, and other charts help visualize descriptive statistics. |
| Applications of Descriptive Statistics | Understanding common characteristics of a data set, comparing groups, identifying outliers. |
| Hypothesis testing | Formulating and testing hypotheses about population parameters (e.g., mean income). |
| Confidence intervals | Estimating the range within which a population parameter likely falls. |
| Statistical significance | Assessing the probability that observed results are due to chance or reflect a true relationship. |
| Applications of Inferential Statistics | Generalizing findings from sample data to a larger population, making informed decisions based on evidence. |
| Probability | The likelihood of an event occurring. |
| Correlation | Measuring the association between two variables. |
| Statistical bias | Systematic errors that can skew results. |
| Statistical significance tests | Chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA, etc., to assess the likelihood of observed differences being due to chance. |
| Machine learning (ML) | A field of computer science that allows machines to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. |
| Algorithm | A set of instructions for a machine to follow to learn from data and make predictions. |
| Training | The process of feeding data to an algorithm to learn patterns and relationships. |
| Prediction | Using the trained algorithm to make predictions on new data. |
| Model | The representation of the learned knowledge from the training data. |
| Supervised learning | Algorithms learn from labeled data (e.g., classifying emails as spam or not spam). |
| Unsupervised learning | Algorithms discover patterns in unlabeled data (e.g., grouping customers into segments). |
| Reinforcement learning | Algorithms learn through trial and error by receiving rewards or penalties. |
| Linear Regression | Predicts continuous values based on linear relationships between variables. |
| Logistic Regression | Classifies data into two categories based on a logistic function. |
| Decision Trees | Make predictions by splitting data based on features. |
| Support Vector Machines (SVMs) | Classify data by finding the best hyperplane to separate different classes. |
| K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) | Predicts the class of a data point based on the class of its nearest neighbors. |
| Recommendation systems | Recommending products, movies, or music to users based on their preferences. |
| Image recognition | Identifying objects in images. |
| Fraud detection | Identifying fraudulent transactions. |
| Natural language processing | Understanding and generating human language. |
| Predictive maintenance | Predicting when equipment will fail and require maintenance. |
| Artificial intelligence (AI) | A branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines capable of performing tasks typically requiring human intelligence. |
| General AI | Hypothetical AI capable of exhibiting human-level intelligence across all cognitive domains. |
| Narrow AI | Specialized AI focused on performing specific tasks, often exceeding human capabilities in those areas (e.g., playing chess, image recognition). |
| Deep learning | A subset of ML focused on artificial neural networks inspired by the human brain. |
| Reactive AI | Responds to stimuli and interactions, but no long-term memory or goal-oriented behavior (e.g., chatbots). |
| Limited memory AI | Can retain some past information and use it to inform current decisions (e.g., self-driving cars). |
| Theory of mind AI | Hypothetical AI capable of understanding and predicting the thoughts and intentions of others. |
| Natural language processing (NLP) | Understanding and generating human language (e.g., machine translation, virtual assistants). |
| Computer vision | Analyzing and interpreting visual information (e.g., image recognition, object detection). |
| Robotics | Designing and building intelligent machines capable of physical interaction with the world. |
| Personalized experiences | Tailoring products, services, and information to individual preferences. |
| Bias and fairness | Ensure AI algorithms are free from biases that could lead to discriminatory outcomes. |
| Explainability and transparency | Understanding how AI models make decisions and ensuring they are not “black boxes”. |
| Safety and security | Addressing potential risks associated with advanced AI systems. |
| Ethical implications | Carefully considering the societal and ethical implications of AI development and deployment. |
| Large Language Model (LLM) | A type of artificial intelligence trained on massive amounts of text data to understand and generate human-like language. |
| RAG | A technique that combines the strengths of LLMs with external knowledge retrieval to improve the accuracy, relevance, and factual grounding of their generated outputs. |
| Transformers | A specific type of neural network architecture commonly used in LLMs for efficient processing of sequential data like text. |
| Pre-training | The process of feeding a massive dataset of text to an LLM to learn general language patterns and relationships before being fine-tuned for specific tasks. |
| Fine-tuning | Adjusting an LLM’s parameters on a smaller, task-specific dataset to improve its performance in a particular domain. |
| Summarization | Condensing lengthy texts into concise summaries while preserving key information. |
| Question Answering | Providing informative answers to open-ended, challenging, or even strange questions. |
| Machine Translation | Translating text accurately and fluently between different languages. |
| Text Generation | Creating human-quality text formats like poems, code, scripts, musical pieces, emails, letters, etc. |
| Fake News and Misinformation | LLMs can be misused to generate realistic but deceptive content. Critical thinking and fact-checking remain essential. |
| Jobs and Automation | LLMs may automate some human language-based tasks, raising concerns about job displacement and the need for ethical reskilling. |
| Generative AI (GenAI) | A subfield of Artificial Intelligence focused on creating new content, data, or creative outputs not seen before, inspired by existing data. |
| Generative models | Algorithmic models specifically designed to generate new data from a learned distribution or pattern. |
| Latent space | A hidden representation of the data learned by a generative model, used to control and manipulate the generated outputs. |
| Adversarial networks | A specific type of Generative AI architecture where two neural networks compete (a generator and a discriminator), leading to highly realistic and creative outputs. |
| Image generation | Producing realistic and unique images, often based on existing datasets or prompting descriptions. |
| Music generation | Composing musical pieces in different styles and genres. |
| Speech synthesis | Generating natural-sounding voices from text or even mimicking specific speakers. |
| Personalization | Tailoring content, products, and experiences to individual preferences. |
| Art and entertainment | Creating new forms of art, music, and storytelling. |
| Product design and development | Generating prototypes and simulations to accelerate innovation. |
| Scientific research | Discovering new materials, drugs, and solutions to complex problems. |
| Data augmentation | Generating synthetic data to improve the performance of other AI models. |
| Bias and discrimination | Generative models can inherit and amplify biases present in their training data. Careful data curation and responsible use are crucial. |
| Misinformation and deepfakes | Generative AI can be misused to create realistic but deceptive content, requiring awareness and critical thinking. |
| Control and interpretability | Understanding how generative models work and the factors influencing their outputs is essential for responsible use. |
| Interpretability | Making the logic and reasoning behind a data analysis model understandable to humans. |
| Model explainability | Techniques to understand how a model makes predictions and identifies important features influencing its decisions. |
| Local vs. global explainability | Explaining individual predictions (local) vs. understanding the overall model behavior (global). |
| Feature importance | Quantifying the influence of individual features on the model’s predictions. |
| Counterfactual explanations | Simulating alternative scenarios to understand how changes in the data might affect the model’s outputs. |
| Data privacy and security | Protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access and ensuring responsible data collection and usage. |
| Transparency and accountability | Communicating data analysis methods and findings transparently and taking responsibility for potential impacts. |
| Algorithmic justice | Ensuring fairness and equitable outcomes in data-driven decision-making processes. |
| Social and environmental impact | Considering the broader societal and environmental consequences of data analysis applications. |
| Explainable AI (XAI) frameworks | Tools and techniques for building and interpreting explainable models in various domains. |
| Fairness-aware machine learning | Algorithms designed to mitigate bias and promote fairness in data analysis. |
| Data ethics guidelines | Frameworks and principles for responsible data collection, analysis, and use. |
| Impact assessments | Evaluating the potential societal and environmental impacts of data-driven solutions. |
| Information overload | Too much context can overwhelm the LLM, leading to irrelevant or incoherent outputs. |
